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| The
Independence
and Republic
Fighting
As late as 1810 began the independence fighting proclaimed on July 28, 1821, after the San Martín's victories and the ones assured by Bolivar on 1824 in Junín and Sucre in Ayacucho. Later Bolivar began the organization of the nation not being able to impose his Pan-Americanist ideas; he left on 1826. In 1827, the congress rejected the life-presidency of Bolivar and named Jose de la Mar as president. During his presidency a war with Colombia started around frontier matters. From 1829 until 1833 it reigns the chaos and begins the fight between military and civil trends, as an effort to set up the country juridic foundations. The Peru-Bolivia Confederation was constituted in 1836, which was defeated by Chile in 1839. During Ramon Castilla Presidency (1845-1862), the islands's guano exploitation rose a peak level, black slaves became free, telegraph was introduced, railroads construction begun and a constitution was adopted. In 1864, Spain occupied the Chincha's islands, as an attempt to recover its colonies; however, Peru, in a military alliance with Chile, Bolivia and Equator, defeated the spanish squad in Callao (may 2, 1866). During Jose Balta government, transandine railroad systems were built; later, president Manuel Pardo developed a wide educational program. The Pacific war occurred between 1879 and 1884, which brought out many heroes to our country, say Francisco Bolognesi, Alfonso Ugarte, and Miguel Grau. The APRA (American Revolutionary Popular Alliance) was founded in 1924, whose leader was Victor Raul Haya de la Torre, who presided over the Constituent Legislature in 1979. In 1963, architect Fernando Belaunde Terry assumed the presidency of the Republic, in 1968 he was pulled down from government by a coup d'état based on nationalism and headed by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, who governed the country until 1975, period characterized by the introduction of socializing measures and a series of reforms, standing out the petroleum and fishery nationalization, as well as the education and agrarian reforms, and the adoption of an anti-imperialist position, with no success in getting the population linked to his action, meanwhile the traditional political forces strengthened their alliance; in 1975 and under the economical crisis oppression, took place a coup d'état, which meant the beginning of the end of the revolutionary government, on August 29, 1975 by Francisco Morales Bermudez, who governed until 1980. Having an increased economical crisis and large strike movements, Fernando Belaunde Terry assumed the presidency of the Republic after holding democratic elections, who could neither overcome the economical crisis, nor defeat the armed groups. Alan García Pérez got the power in 1985, period in which the economical crisis got worst as well as the subversion, being his period characterized by an international financial economic isolation in limiting the external debt payment, reaching fourteen billion US Dollars. On July 28, 1990, Engineer Alberto Kenyo Fujimori Fujimori assumed the presidency of the Republic, from the Independent Movement "Cambio 90", who after attaining the second place voting (in first round) was able to defeat the Frente Democratico's candidate, the famous writer Mario Vargas Llosa. Fujimori's government was characterized by the fight against terrorism, Peru's reinsertion to the International Monetary Fund, increase of population's standard of living, and the increase of production and export. In 1993, the Democratic Constituent Congresss issues the new Peruvian Political Constitution, being its president the Engineer Jaime Yoshiyama. In 1995, Alberto Fujimori was relected as President of the Republic for the 1995-2000 period. In 2000, Alberto Fujimori was re-elected again as President of the Republic of Perú for the 2000-2005 period. Otherwise because of corruption and political unstable issues, he quits in november 21, 2000. Dr. Valentín Paniagua Corazao is declared Provisional President since november 22, 2000 until july 28, 2001. Since this day, Dr. Alejandro Toledo asumed the Presidency of the Republic of Perú until 2006.
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